1. 現在式 Present Tense Form 2. 現在分詞 Present Participle﹝簡稱 pr.p﹞ 3. 過去式 Past Tense Form 4. 過去分詞 Past Participle﹝簡稱 p.p﹞
一般動詞的現在式就是一般動詞的原形。
例如: 現在式 現在分詞 過去式 過去分詞 go going went gone play playing played played
go 和 play 就是一般動詞的原形。 以下介紹一些常用的助動詞 1. do 和 does:幫助說明「否定」和提出「疑問」 (a) 說明「否定」
例如:
I go. 意思是我去,如果想表達我不去,怎樣說呢?
古代的方式:I go not. ﹝即在動詞後加"not","not"是副詞 。﹞
* 副詞是形容動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或整個句子的詞。
現今的方式:I do not go. ﹝加"do"幫助說明否定。﹞
其他例子: You go. You do not go. He goes He does not go. * 第一身和第二身用do,第三身用 does。
The boy plays ball. The boy does not play ball. * 表示「玩球」時,球類這些字眼前面不用加冠詞。
(b) 提出疑問
例如:
You go. 意思是你去,如果想問你是否去,怎樣說呢?
古代的方式:Go you?﹝將動詞置於主語之前。﹞
現今的方式:Do you go?﹝加"do"幫助提出疑問。﹞ He goes. Does he go? The boy eats an orange. Does the boy eat an orange? 附錄:「古方和今方」
現代英文除了用今方外,還保留古方。
例如:
You are a teacher.
改成疑問句時,用古方:
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am a teacher. No, I am not a teacher.
He plays ball.
改成疑問句時,用今方:
Does he play ball? Yes, he plays ball. No, he does not play ball.
You have a dog.
改成疑問句時,用古方:
Have you a dog? Yes, I have a dog. No, I have not a dog.
亦可用今方:
Do you have a dog? Yes, I have a dog. No, I do not have a dog.
若用古方問,則用古方答;若用今方問,則用今方答。
小結:
1. 含 am, are, is 這類一般動詞的句子,當改成疑問句時,一律 用古方。 2. 含 have, has 這類一般動詞的句子,當改成疑問句時,用古方 或今方皆可。 3. 含其一般動詞的句子,當改成疑問句時,一律用今方。 2. can:幫助說明「能夠」或「可以」 (a) 說明「能夠」
例如:
Can you speak English?﹝你能夠說英語嗎?﹞ Yes,I can speak English.﹝我能夠說英語。﹞ No, I cannot speak English.﹝我不能說英語。﹞ No, I can not speak English.
* Yes 和 No 在這?是修飾整個句子的副詞。 * cannot 當作一個詞,can not 當作兩個詞。
(b) 說明「可以」
例如:
Can I go home?﹝我可以回家嗎?﹞ Yes, you can go home.﹝你可以回家。﹞ No, you cannot go home.﹝你不可以回家。﹞ No, you can not go home.
* home 是副詞,修飾 go 這個動詞。 3. may:幫助說明「可以」或「也許」 (a) 說明「可以」
例如:
May I go?﹝我可以去嗎?﹞ Yes, you may go.﹝你可以去。﹞ No, you may not go.﹝你不可以去。﹞ No, you cannot go. No, you must not go.
(b) 說明「也許」
例如:
Will it rain?﹝將下雨嗎?﹞ Yes, it may rain.﹝也許下雨。﹞ No, it may not rain.﹝也許不下雨 4. must:幫助說明「必須」或「一定」 (a) 說明「必須」
例如:
Must I go?﹝我必須去嗎?﹞ Yes, you must go.﹝你必須去。﹞ No, you need not go.﹝你不必去。﹞ (b) 說明「一定」
例如:
Will it rain?﹝將下雨嗎?﹞ It must rain.﹝一定下雨。﹞ It cannot rain.﹝決不下雨。﹞ 5. need:幫助說明「需要」 例如: Need the boy work?﹝這男孩需要工作嗎?﹞ Yes, the boy must work.﹝這男孩必須工作。﹞ No, the boy need not work.﹝這男孩不必工作。﹞
補充說明:"need"除了用作助動詞外,還可以作一般動詞使用。
例如:
Does he need to come? Yes, he needs to come. No, he does not need to come.
Dare he jump?﹝他敢跳嗎?﹞ Yes, he dares to jump.﹝他敢跳。﹞ No, he dare not jump. ﹝他不敢跳。﹞ * 如果答案是肯定的,"dare"不能用作助動詞,一定要作一般動詞使用。 如果答案是否的,"dare"才能作助動詞使用。 補充說明:"dare"除了用作助動詞外,還可以作一般動詞使用。
例如:
Does he dare to jump? Yes, he dares to jump. No, he does not dare to jump.
Answer: 1. Does the child eat an orange? Yes, the child eats an orange. No, the child does not eat an orange. 2. May the eight boys play ball? Yes, the eight boys may play ball. No, the eight boys must not play ball. 3. Must the three students learn English and Chinese? Yes, the three students must learn English and Chinese. No, the three students need not learn English and Chinese. 4. Can the two old men swim? Yes, the two old men can swim. No, the two old men cannot swim. 5. Need the man work? Yes, the man must work. No, the man need not work. 6. Dare you swim? Yes, I dare to swim. No, I dare not swim.
The watch stops. The sailor dives. The baby sleeps. 在上述例子中,stops, dives 和 sleeps 都不需要「承受者」, 全是不及物動詞。 什麼是及物動詞?動詞所表示的動作需要「承受者」,就是 及物動詞。
例如:
The boy eats an orange. 在上述例子中,eats 是及物動詞,因為它需要「承受者」,而 「承受者」是 orange。
在謂語中,表示動作的「承受者」是誰或是什麼的部分,稱為 「賓語」Object。
跟主語一樣,在賓語中,亦一定要有名詞或代名詞 *。
* 在主語中出現的名詞或代名詞,它們的身份或資格,稱為「主格」 Subjective Case 或 Nominative Case;在賓語中出現的名詞或代 名詞,它們的身份或資格,稱為「賓格」Objective Case。
其他例子:
The man teaches the boy. John studies Chinese and English. The merchant buys and sells the goods. The teacher and the student read and write Japanese and French. 注意:
有些動詞既可以是及物動詞,亦可以是不及物動詞,究竟是何者, 就要看句子中有沒有賓語而定了。
例如:
The train moves.﹝不及物﹞ The boy moves the table. ﹝及物﹞ The bus stops. ﹝不及物﹞ The girl stops the bus. ﹝及物﹞ The farmer returns. ﹝不及物﹞ The merchant returns the money. ﹝及物﹞
Answers: 1. The boy likes the white dog. 2. The girl and the woman talk English. 3. The two merchants buy and sell oranges and apples. 4. The two old men see one tiger and two lions. 5. The ten wolves kill two white horses. 6. An ox eats grass and drinks water. 7. The four children sleep. 8. The teacher teaches English and French. 9. The man hits the child. 10. Five horses run and six goats jump.
Answer: 1. The girl reads and writes. 2. The boy jumps and laughs. 3. Three good children run and play. 4. A big ox and a little ox jump and run. 5. The woman and her fat baby sleep. 6. Three teachers and two students come. 7. Five white horses and three yellow cows run. 8. Nine white goats and three white rabbits jump. 9. A lion, a monkey and a dog play. 10. John, Mary and a woman talk.
什麼是主語?主語是表示句中的主角是誰或是什麼的部分。 什麼是謂語?謂語是敘述主角的部分。 在主語中,一定要有名詞或代名詞 Pronoun。 什麼是代名詞?代名詞是代替名詞的詞,是英文十類單詞之一。 在謂語中,一定要有動詞 Verb。 什麼是動詞?動詞是表示事物的動作或狀態的詞,亦是英文十類 單詞之一。 例如: Subject Predicate The cat mews.* The dog barks. The lion roars. The horse neighs The goat bleats. He cries.
Answer 1. The three white rabbits run. 2. An old woman speaks. 3. Eight blacks walk. 4. An old brave lion roars. 5. One white cat news and two yellow dogs bark. 6. The girl sings and the boy jumps. 7. John swims and Mary sings. 8. Three white horses neigh and seven goats bleat. 9. Five good men come. 10. The woman goes.
1. The four white deer and two black oxen. 2. One youth and two old men. 3. A woman, an old man and a goat. 4. One big deer, three old oxen and four white horses. 5. Two small cities and three tall trees. 6. Five kind teachers and ten good students. 7. Seven children, two merchants and five farmers. 8. Eight heroes and two brave blacks. 9. Nine flies, six lice and four ants. 10. The three glasses and the five watches.
在英文的十類單詞中,其中一類是形容詞 Adjective。 什麼是形容詞?形容詞是形容事物的詞。 形容詞有多種,其中一種是性質形容詞 Adjective of Quality。 什麼是性質形容詞?性質形容詞是形容事物的屬性的詞。 例如:kind, cruel, small, big, tall, green, red。通常,性質形容詞置於被形容的名詞之前。 例如:a tall boy, a beautiful girl, an interesting book, a kind man, 。要決定於名詞之前用 "a"還是用"an",辦法是看看那名詞是以元音 還是以輔音作為發音的開始,但在名詞前加了性質形容詞後,怎樣 決定用"a"還是用"an" 呢?那就要視乎該形容詞是以元音還是以輔 音作為發音的開始了。 例如:a man, an old man, an apple, a red apple。
1. The yellow dog. 2. An old cock. 3. An old honest servant. 4. The rich merchant and the poor farmer. 5. A useful book and an interesting news. 6. A white horse and a yellow cow. 7. The tall tree and the red flower. 8. An old woman, a young girl and a short man. 9. The new pen and the old book. 10. An old kind man and a cruel youth.
1. 有單數和複數之分﹝複數不等於雙數,複數是2或以上的數目, 雙數是2、4、6、8、10等數目,兩者不可混為一談﹞。 例如在 a boy, a dog, a pencil 中,boy, dog, pencil 都是 單數的個體名詞。在 two dogs, three cats, four girls 中, dogs, cats, girls 都是複數的個體名詞。
2. 通常,在單數的個體名詞前要加冠詞 *。 例如:Dog runs. 錯了!因為 Dog 是單數的個體名詞,前面應 加冠詞。A dog runs.或 The dog runs.才對。 "A"和"The"都是冠詞。
1. The chicken and the ox. 2. A woman and a mouse. 3. A dish, an egg and a chicken. 4. John and a teacher. 5. A lion, a dog and a cat. 6. Japan or France. 7. A ship and a train. 8. The man, the woman and the boy. 9. The girl, the boy and Mary. 10. An arm, an eye and a nose.
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